Chapter 3: Physiology

Results

(A) Coral host and algal endosymbiont physiology

Coral host total tissue energy reserves (mg cm-2) was calculated as the sum of each protein, lipid, and carbohydrate value per coral host. Total host energy reserves of P. astreoides at T0 were clearly greater than the total energy reserves quantified in coral hosts maintained under at control treatment at T90 (Figure 1A). There was no difference in total energy reserves between T0 and T90 control coral hosts in either S. siderea or P. strigosa. Elevated temperature (31°C) resulted in a clear reduction in total coral host energy reserves in only P. strigosa across all pCO2 treatments (Figure 1A). No overall effect of pCO2 was quantified in any of the four species examined.

Algal endosymbiont cell density (106 cells cm-2) in P. astreoides T0 densities were clearly lower than those measured under all treatments at T90 (Figure 1B). Algal endosymbiont cell densities did not exhibit a statistically clear difference between T0 fragments and T90 fragments maintained at the control treatment in S. siderea or P. strigosa. Neither pCO2 nor temperature exhibited a statistically clear overall effect on algal endosymbiont cell densities quantified at T90 in any of the three coral species (Figure 1B). Algal endosymbiont chlorophyll a content (ug cm-2) of S. siderea and P. strigosa at T0 was lower than the measured chlorophyll a in fragments maintained in the control treatment at T90 (Figure 1C). Conversely, chlorophyll a measured at T0 was not clearly different than in fragments reared in the control treatment at T90 for P. astreoides. All species exhibited reduced algal endosymbiont chlorophyll a in the highest pCO2 treatment, while elevated temperature (31°C) only clearly reduces chlorophyll a in the algal endosymbionts associated with P. strigosa (Figure 1C).

(B) Host transcriptomic responses

I will talk about HOST trends/findings about gene expression here.

(C) Algal endosymbiont transcriptomic responses

I will talk about symbiont trends/findings about gene expression here.

(D) Overall physiological response

This will discuss overall responses and the WGCNA here.

Figure 1: Holobiont physiology


Figure 1. Modeled 95% confidence interval of (A) total host energy reserves (mg cm-2), (B) cell density (106 cells cm-2), and (C) Chlorophyll a (ug cm-2) for S. siderea, P. strigosa, and P. astreoides at T0 (green) or T90 (red/blue), with individual coral fragment physiology denoted by points. Blue denotes 28°C and red denotes 31°C, with pCO2 treatment along the x axis.

Figure 2: Holobiont PCAs

## 
## Call:
## adonis(formula = value ~ ftemp + fpco2 + reef, data = s.df.l,      method = "eu") 
## 
## Permutation: free
## Number of permutations: 999
## 
## Terms added sequentially (first to last)
## 
##            Df SumsOfSqs MeanSqs F.Model      R2 Pr(>F)  
## ftemp       1      3111  3111.1  2.0968 0.00376  0.161  
## fpco2       3     14260  4753.4  3.2037 0.01722  0.026 *
## reef        1       736   736.2  0.4962 0.00089  0.492  
## Residuals 546    810104  1483.7         0.97814         
## Total     551    828211                 1.00000         
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

## 
## Call:
## adonis(formula = value ~ reef + ftemp + fpco2, data = p.df.l,      method = "eu") 
## 
## Permutation: free
## Number of permutations: 999
## 
## Terms added sequentially (first to last)
## 
##            Df SumsOfSqs MeanSqs F.Model      R2 Pr(>F)   
## reef        1     10809 10809.2  3.4558 0.00709  0.066 . 
## ftemp       1     18776 18775.5  6.0027 0.01231  0.010 **
## fpco2       3     31998 10666.2  3.4100 0.02098  0.027 * 
## Residuals 468   1463839  3127.9         0.95963          
## Total     473   1525422                 1.00000          
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

## 
## Call:
## adonis(formula = value ~ ftemp + fpco2 + reef + ftemp:fpco2,      data = a.df.l, method = "eu") 
## 
## Permutation: free
## Number of permutations: 999
## 
## Terms added sequentially (first to last)
## 
##              Df SumsOfSqs MeanSqs F.Model      R2 Pr(>F)   
## ftemp         1      4401  4401.1  4.1700 0.00972  0.041 * 
## fpco2         3     12017  4005.7  3.7953 0.02654  0.010 **
## reef          1       116   116.4  0.1103 0.00026  0.720   
## ftemp:fpco2   3      8889  2963.0  2.8074 0.01963  0.048 * 
## Residuals   405    427447  1055.4         0.94386          
## Total       413    452871                 1.00000          
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1



sessionInfo()
## R version 3.5.2 (2018-12-20)
## Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin15.6.0 (64-bit)
## Running under: macOS Mojave 10.14.6
## 
## Matrix products: default
## BLAS: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.5/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib
## LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.5/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib
## 
## locale:
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##  [5] ggfortify_0.4.7  cowplot_1.0.0    Rmisc_1.5        shiny_1.4.0     
##  [9] vegan_2.5-6      lattice_0.20-38  permute_0.9-5    forcats_0.4.0   
## [13] stringr_1.4.0    purrr_0.3.3      tibble_2.1.3     tidyverse_1.2.1 
## [17] plotly_4.9.0     openxlsx_4.1.0.1 tidyr_1.0.0      ggbiplot_0.55   
## [21] scales_1.0.0     plyr_1.8.4       dplyr_0.8.3      ggplot2_3.2.1   
## [25] readr_1.3.1      knitr_1.25      
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##  [7] R6_2.4.0          lazyeval_0.2.2    mgcv_1.8-28      
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## [43] promises_1.1.0    crayon_1.3.4      miniUI_0.1.1.1   
## [46] haven_2.1.1       splines_3.5.2     hms_0.5.1        
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## [52] glue_1.3.1        evaluate_0.14     data.table_1.12.6
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## [64] mime_0.7          xtable_1.8-4      broom_0.5.2      
## [67] later_1.0.0       viridisLite_0.3.0 cluster_2.1.0    
## [70] ellipsis_0.3.0

Colleen Bove

14 January 2020